Can your body make more stem cells
Can your body make more stem cells. The facts: Stem cell therapies may offer the potential to treat diseases or conditions for which few treatments exist. During sleep, the body may produce more stem cells and enhance the function of existing ones. Stem cells are defined by two properties – they can self-renew (make copies of themselves) and differentiate (develop into more specialized cells). Jun 23, 2022 · A blood test, known as a complete blood count (CBC) measures red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets . Sep 29, 2021 · Stem cells: highlights from research. Adult stem cells can be isolated and replicated from your own body fat, and then injected back into an area that needs healing or regeneration. One of the key changes you can make to your diet to enhance your stem cell function is reduce your sugar intake. This is a continuous process that occurs throughout your life. A stem cell is a cell with the potential to form many of the different cell types found in the body. Hormonal, metabolic and immunologic disorders (stress, sickness, and substance abuse). There are several different types of stem cells Mar 1, 2012 · By showing that the stem cells can produce immature egg cells in living human tissue, this experiment "sealed the identity of these newly discovered cells in women," said Tilly, whose study was Mar 24, 2020 · Old human cells rejuvenated with stem cell technology. Stem cells are unspecialized cells that have not yet “decided” what type of adult cell they will be. It comes in two colors, red and yellow. Scientists have found somatic stem cells in more tissues than was once imagined, including the brain, skeletal muscle, skin, teeth, heart, gut, liver, ovarian cells, and testis. Aloe Vera. Vittorio Sebastiano Your body uses stem cells to replace damaged, old or dying cells. Bone marrow fills the cavities of your bones and holds cells that create red and white blood cells and platelets, which make whole blood. For example: Dinner Sunday at 6 pm. As a result, the limbus transplant has to be taken from a separate donor, and with that comes the risk of immune rejection. Embryonic stem cells are from embryos. Their stem cells do not show any signs of senescence and hence they are considered immortal. Bone marrow is a spongy, soft tissue that resembles a jelly or jam that you would spread on toast. It can tell a neutrophil to multiply so that you have more neutrophils. Aug 25, 2022 · Abstract. Nearly 40 years ago, the cell type responsible for those successes was identified as the Aug 8, 2023 · Stem cells play a crucial role in the growth and development of plants, animals, and humans. This is why “stem cell transplant Jul 7, 2021 · Stem cells are nonspecific cells that can develop into any kind of cell in the body. Stem cells are the foundation from which every organ and tissue in your body grow. A totipotent stem cell can become any cell type within the organism in Stem cells are the foundation from which every organ and tissue in your body grow. Pluripotent stem cells have the ability to differentiate into all of the cells of the adult body. Because stem cells have a regenerating function, a rising interest in stem cells has begun for the mere Mar 4, 2020 · Through its ability to regulate epigenetic and metabolic programs, autophagy can also influence cell fate and regulate stem cell quiescence, activation, differentiation, and self-renewal. Stem cells produce blood cells and platelets in the bone marrow. A bone marrow transplant is also called a stem cell transplant. Proper Nutrition. Hematopoietic stem cells are the most widely known example. This research also shows that stem cells in muscles are increased by exercise and lifting heavy weights. Adult (or somatic) stem cells are present throughout the human body [amongst other specialised tissue cells]. Start Fast Sunday at 7 pm. They can make more than 200 specialized cells, such as blood and bone cells, among the trillions of cells in your body. Jun 6, 2019 · The β-cells plays a unique role in human physiology being the only cell capable of elaborating a hormone (insulin) which can lower blood glucose by promoting the uptake and metabolism of sugar in peripheral tissues. Apr 18, 2012 · Cord stem cells are much more efficient at replicating once removed from the body compared to adult stem cells. Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that researchers can induce to develop into specialized tissue types. Think of stem cell regeneration like a cut that heals on its own, that’s our body’s way of regenerating cells. May 16, 2024 · stem cell, an undifferentiated cell that can divide to produce some offspring cells that continue as stem cells and some cells that are destined to differentiate (become specialized). Pollution, radiation, and poor quality foods. For example, stem cells can be injected into joints to reduce pain and swelling, or in soft tissue to promote healing. A high demand is placed on renewal and regeneration of the skin’s barrier in order to protect the body Dec 20, 2015 · Pluripotent stem cells have the ability to undergo self-renewal and to give rise to all cells of the tissues of the body. Sometimes called the body’s “master cells,” stem cells are the cells Aug 16, 2023 · Stem cells are cells that can change into any of many different specialized cells. 1 Furthermore, embryonic stem cells can proliferate indefinitely under specific culture conditions and retain the ability to differentiate into cell types of the three embryonic germ The immature cell then divides, matures further, and ultimately becomes a mature red blood cell, white blood cell, or platelet. Adult stem cells, called somatic stem cells, are derived from a human donor. cells can give rise to different cells of a particular lineage. Many of the most common diseases, like heart failure, liver failure, Type There are several main categories: the “pluripotent” stem cells (embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells) and nonembryonic or somatic stem cells (commonly called “adult” stem cells). Can your body make more stem cells? Yes, the human body has the unique ability to produce more stem cells. Healthy stem cells are often needed to treat these marrow-impacting diseases. The cells on the inside layer of this very early embryo can make all of the cell types needed in your body. Nov 21, 2023 - Although it has been long known that a lower caloric diet contributes to longevity in humans, it is now understood that fasting can switch the metabolism from using glucose as fuel to using fatty acids. UCLA researchers have discovered a new way to activate the stem cells in the hair follicle to make hair grow. “The limbus has many types of cells in addition to stem cells: pigment-producing cells, blood vessel cells, and nervous system cells. Incorporate foods rich in antioxidants, vitamins (such as C and D), and minerals (like zinc and selenium) to support the body's regenerative processes. They ultimately amplify by expanding the number of differentiated & mature cells. With asymmetric division, each of the two resulting daughter cells has its own Oct 19, 2023 · Stem cells are a type of cell that mature and specialize into all the other types of cells in the body. They also may die more quickly than healthy red blood Nov 26, 2019 · In cases such as genetic disease, both eyes can be affected by stem cell deficiency. Adult stem cells can still regenerate and differentiate, but Aug 6, 2022 · Stem cell therapy is a novel therapeutic approach that utilizes the unique properties of stem cells, including self-renewal and differentiation, to regenerate damaged cells and tissues in the Dec 23, 2023 · This regeneration can only happen if you have stem cells. [1] They are found in both embryonic and adult organisms, but they have slightly May 23, 2024 · Definition. Bone marrow is a spongy organ that fills the center of various bones of your body. Adequate Sleep: Sleep is a time of repair and regeneration for the body. Sep 8, 2022 · Colony-stimulating factor: A colony-stimulating factor is a protein that tells your cells what to do. A healthy lifestyle contributes to the production of high-quality stem cells, ensuring our bodies can efficiently regenerate and ward off various health conditions. Normal blood cells last for a limited time (ranging from a few hours to a few days for white blood cells, to about 10 days for platelets, to about These laboratory-grown stem cells are pluripotent – they can make any type of cell in the body - and are called induced pluripotent stem cells, or iPS cells. 5. The stem cells escape from your bone marrow into your bloodstream, where they can be collected easily while you’re awake. Research shows that certain foods can diminish or promote cellular restoration. Anthony King. Intermittent Fasting and Caloric Restriction: Intermittent fasting and caloric restriction have shown promising results in stimulating stem cell activity. Only after collecting and culturing tissues is it possible to classify cells according to this operational concept. Researchers have identified a protein that kick-starts the process by which stem cells can develop to into different cells in the body, for instance liver or brain cells. Aug 17, 2020 · Nearly 1 in 4 adult Americans suffer from arthritis, and far more are burdened by joint pain and inflammation generally. Stem cells can become any kind of cell that your body needs. The skin epidermis and its appendages are subjected to daily assaults from the external environment. This can promote tissue regeneration and improve overall cellular health. It is where stem cells produce red and white blood cells and platelets. Studies have shown that older animals that are more active have better quality stem cells that create more bone. Scientists then reset them to a very early stage of development. If someone injects a patient with stem cells, it’s possible that the self-renewal power of stem cells just won’t get shut off. Interestingly, refeeding allows fasted planarians to grow back to their original size . They're called stem cells. They are the earliest type of cell in a cell lineage. Early embryonic stem cells can differentiate into virtually any kind of cell, in any kind of tissue. Published: August 19, 2019 11:11am EDT. May 7, 2021 · A stem cell, found in embryos (embryonic stem cell) and adults (somatic stem cell), is an immature, non-specialized cell that can differentiate into one or more specific functioning or regenerating cell types. March 24, 2020 - By Krista Conger. Bone marrow stem cells, for example, make red blood cells, which carry oxygen through the body. In that scenario, the stem cells could drive the formation of a tumor or even cancer. Studies suggest a gradual reduction in the number of stem cells in your body may act as a biological ticking 1. Caloric Restriction. Donors may experience Dec 29, 2023 · The effectiveness of stem cell activators may differ depending on a specific medical condition and individual body reaction. Jun 20, 2023 · The Anatomy of Bone Marrow. The stem cells continue to divide by mitosis, and so the Dec 26, 2020 · Pluripotent stem cells are often grown in labs and differentiated into a wide variety of other types of more specialized cells such as neurons, muscle cells including beating heart muscle (see video below), lung cells and more. Stem cells may be less effective if you are not getting enough sleep. Embryonic stem cells have the potential to form a complete individual, whereas adult stem cells can only form Jan 8, 2024 · With stem cell donation from the blood, there is little pain. 5 min read. Marine Phytoplankton. The color of red bone marrow is the result of red blood cell production. Without bone marrow, you couldn't move oxygen through your body or fight infections, and blood You can do a monthly or even weekly 24-hour intermittent fast in order to boost your stem cell function. Generally used in a research setting, embryonic stem cells are harvested from fertilised eggs. Instead, exercise had a “rejuvenating” effect on old cells, Rando says. The primary purpose of stem cells is to maintain, heal and regenerate tissue wherever they are in your body. When it comes to anti-aging, there is evidence that reductions in stem cells are linked to aging. Embryonic stem cells are totipotent, because they can form both embryonic and extra-embryonic structures. Stem cells are undifferentiated or "blank" cells that have not yet fully specialized. This is particularly beneficial for immune system Aug 2, 2023 · Stem cells are given to people to replace cells that have been destroyed or have died. Proper nutrition can help increase the proliferation and growth of stem cells. When cell counts are low or expected to become low, bone marrow stimulating drugs can be given to boost your body’s production of these blood cells. Known as human pluripotent (Ploor-ee-POH-tunt) stem cells, these start out as normal body cells. Whenever stem cells are called upon to generate a particular type of cell, they undergo an asymmetric cell division. Stem cells are defined by their ability to self-renew (make copies of themselves) and differentiate (develop into more specialized cells). This flexible capability of stem cells allows researchers to use it as therapy for certain diseases. Discover the basics of stem cells, the different types of stem cells (including embryonic, tissue-specific, and induced Dec 13, 2023 - Explore the vital connection between diet, health, and the body's natural stem cell production. Under proper conditions, stem cells begin to develop into specialized tissues and May 25, 2021 · Yamanaka factors are a combination of proteins (called transcription factors) that control how DNA is copied for translation into other proteins. Dec 7, 2022 · There are two main types of stem cells: adult stem cells and embryonic stem cells [ 18 ]. Jun 5, 2014 · EMBARGOED UNTIL JUNE 5, 2014, 9 am PT/12 Noon ET — In the first evidence of a natural intervention triggering stem cell-based regeneration of an organ or system, a study in the June 5 issue of the Cell Press journal Cell Stem Cell shows that cycles of prolonged fasting not only protect against immune system damage — a major side effect of Jan 23, 2009 · Stem cells can also make new cells programmed to do specific jobs. Human stem cells can be derived from adult, fetal, and placental tissues; umbilical cord blood; and embryos. In the case of people with cancer, they may be used to help the body regain the ability to produce stem cells after treatment. Cells as drugs Stem cells can be used to influence other cells. They serve as a repair system for the body. Some stem cells can multiply or make more of themselves or other types of specialized cells that make up your Sep 11, 2023 · There are two types of stem cells, embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells. By. Techniques of their collection, isolation, and storage are simple and non-invasive. They can divide into identical stem cells and specialized cells with specific functions. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like STEM CELLS, what are the physiological functions of stem cells?, true or false: stem cells are undifferentiated? and more. Omega-3 fatty acids found in fatty fish, flaxseeds, and walnuts more. Old human cells can become more youthful by coaxing them to briefly express proteins used to make induced pluripotent cells, Stanford researchers and their colleagues have found. G-CSF triggers cell changes within the spongy tissue inside your bones called bone marrow. Stem cells may be from the Adult humans have distinct reservoirs of stem cells, located in different parts of the body (such as the bone marrow). Algae. The rate of blood cell production is controlled by the body's needs. Self-organizing models of the early heart, why dead cells can be therapeutic, and other studies. The stem cells come from your own body (autologous). Then, those mature cells replace tissue that is damaged by disease or injury. Feb 26, 2019 · Stem cells of human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) found in exfoliated deciduous teeth has the ability to develop into more types of body tissues than other stem cells (Table 1). Your blood is sent through a machine that separates stem cells from your blood. Stem cells are different from other cells in the body in three ways: They can divide and renew themselves over a long time. Sep 6, 2019 · Stem Cells. Open in a separate window. Nov 9, 2023 · SHARE: Diseases like leukemia, lymphoma, multiple myeloma or bone marrow failure syndromes can affect bone marrow. Stem cells are essential cells that replace damaged cells or cells lost due to diseases. Aug 19, 2019 · Stem cells could regenerate organs – but only if the body won’t reject them. Targeting autophagy in stem cells. But stem cell-based therapies can do much more. When a cell, for example a skin cell, gets damaged in the body, or grows old, stem cells divide to create new skin cells to replace the old ones. Blood and bone marrow stem cell treatments/transplants Healthy stems cells are injected into the body to produce new blood. Mar 3, 2020 · Around 25% of the cells in their parenchyma are adult stem cells, which are kept in a constant ration respect their body size. They can differentiate to make multiple types of cells. This difficulty in identifying stem cells in situ, without any manipulation, limits the Eating a healthy, balanced diet can be beneficial for your overall health and energy levels. To a great extent, how many stem cells are in a human body at any given age may depend on many external and internal influences. Learn more here. Get your triglycerides measured and reduce your carbs and food intake to bring them down to normal before you have your stem cells drawn. The finding may have implications for aging research. In people with multiple myeloma and certain types of leukemia, stem cell therapy is used to destroy cancer cells. Bone marrow is a spongy tissue inside bones that is rich in stem cells and helps to produce blood and immune cells. Apr 12, 2022 · Stem cells are unique cells present in the body that have the potential to differentiate into various cell types or divide indefinitely to produce other stem cells. 1. There are certain foods that contain specific nutrients, vitamins and minerals which can help to boost our immune system, improve our skin health and support the regeneration of stem cells in our body. Jan 2, 2024 · Stem cells are the only cells in your body that can make different kinds of cells. Some have claimed that certain IPS cells can be totipotent but that is still being debated. Note that tumors are not always malignant whereas cancer is always Dec 19, 2018 · Stem cells can be distinguished based on their differentiation potential and source within the human body. Apr 13, 2020 · The active, older mice didn't produce more muscle stem cells. Their effectiveness can drop by half if you miss more than 4 hours of sleep a week. Elevated glucose reduces proliferation of mesenchymal Jan 29, 2014 · We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. The research, led by scientists Heather Christofk and William Lowry, may lead to new drugs that could promote hair growth for people with baldness or alopecia, which is hair loss associated Jan 26, 2022 · Estimates vary from 30-40 trillion, which seems more impressive when written out (like on the lower end): 30,000,000,000,000. May 3, 2018 · The researchers found that fasting dramatically improves stem cells’ ability to regenerate, in both aged and young mice. Coffeeberry Fruit Extract. August 14, 2017. Stem cells, by definition, can continue to divide and both replace themselves and produce progeny cells that differentiate into new blood and immune system cells, or skin cells, or cells that line the gut and airways, or muscle . There is significant evidence linking caloric restriction in adult mice with the growth of new brain cells. Adults retain stem cells in all of their organs and tissues. 4- Lift heavy weights and stay aerobically active – Research shows that more active older animals have better stem cells that create more In a stem cell transplant, stem cells are first specialized into the necessary adult cell type. Yes, cacao contains a compound called epicatechin, which has been shown to stimulate the production of stem cells. Yamanaka’s discovery means that theoretically any dividing cell of the body can now be turned into a pluripotent stem cell. Jan 21, 2022 · Abstract. Follicle structures, including oocytes Sep 29, 2018 · This helps your body make enough white blood cells, platelets, or red blood cells to avoid infections, bleeding disorders, or anemia. FIGURE 3. These agents have potentially serious risks and side effects, and Jun 29, 2021 · Stem-cell-based therapy, in which a cell lineage can be re-established in human bodies to produce testosterone normally, would be the ideal choice for treating primary hypogonadism. Nov 11, 2017 · This ability resides in resident stem cells, which self-renew, preserve, and repair their tissue during homeostasis and following injury. Stem cells are present inside different types of Oct 31, 2023 · How Colostrum Affects Stem Cells. Apr 1, 2019 · 2. Mar 5, 2013 · 5. Discover how Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) are revolutionizing treatments for conditions like liver cirrhosis, diabetes, kidney disease, and more, by enhancing cellular repair and regeneration. Background: Recently, the management of musculoskeletal disorders with the patients' own stem cells, isolated from the walls of small blood vessels, which can be found in great numbers in the adipose tissue, has received considerable attention. Jun 4, 2017 · Story at-a-glance. Stay Active, Exercise, and Lift Weights. The donor takes medicine to help make more stem cells. With vitamin B12 deficiency anemia, the body can't make enough red blood cells. Stem cells are types of cells that have unique ability to self-renew and to differentiate into more than one cell lineage. In the 3- to 5-day-old embryo, called a blastocyst, the inner cells give rise to the entire body of the organism, including all of the many specialized cell types and organs such as the heart, lung, skin, sperm, eggs and other tissues. Oct 11, 2022 · Over a few weeks, work your way up to more intensive activity, like running or using an elliptical. Stem cells are an ongoing source of the differentiated cells that make up the tissues and organs of animals and plants. One stem cell type builds your body. Light therapy. One type of stem cell is proving useful in making organoids. Rebuild your stem cells with these 12 foods. They are considered building blocks of tissues and organs. Stem cells, unlike any other cells in the body, can self-renew and differentiate into many different kinds of cells. …. Healthy stem cells can come from a donor, or they can come Stem cells are important for living organisms for many reasons. This makes them of use in the treatment of degenerating diseases. You might need a bone marrow transplant if your bone marrow stops working and does not produce enough healthy The hope that many diseases can someday be treated with stem cell therapy is inspired by the historical success of bone marrow transplants in increasing the survival of patients with leukemia and other cancers, inherited blood disorders, and diseases of the immune system (Thomas and Blume, 1999). Summary: A natural trigger that enables stem cells to become any cell type in the body has been discovered by scientists. Specifically it is linked to increased production of BDNF. By giving your body breaks from constant digestion, you allow your stem cells to flourish. However, this definition has been recently complicated by the existence of distinct cellular states that display these features. Consider implementing intermittent fasting Apr 24, 2022 · Somatic Stem Cells. The authors of a 2013 research article conclude that red Aug 14, 2017 · Vials of hair. Moringa Extract. Beyond these two Mar 29, 2016 · Stem cells are cells with the potential to develop into many different types of cells in the body. If we took a wild stab at the specific stem cell number and said that about 1 in 1,000 cells are of the stem variety then you might guess that there are 30 billion stem cells in the body. Sep 1, 2023 · Nutrition and Diet: A balanced and nutrient-rich diet forms the foundation of a healthy body and aids in stem cell mobilization. G-CSF can tell an early form of a blood cell (stem cell) to become a neutrophil. 00:00. Get between 7-9 hours of sleep to keep your stem cells active. Stem cells are defined as precursor cells that have the capacity to self-renew and to generate multiple mature cell types. On the other hand, there are still misconceptions about these adipose-derived regenerative cells can give rise to ALL cells of the embryo (from all 3 germ layers) Multipotent. When stem cells divide, they can form more stem cells or other cells that perform specialized functions. Researchers use them to study biological processes, develop new drugs, and treat a range of diseases. In fasting mice, cells begin breaking down fatty acids instead of glucose, a change that stimulates the stem cells to become more regenerative. The easiest way to begin your fasting journey is to fast from dinner to dinner or breakfast to breakfast. With folate deficiency anemia, the body produces fewer red blood cells, and those it does produce are abnormally large and misshapen. Over recent decades, they have been studied and utilized for repair and regenerative medicine. Scientists hope to use them in regenerative medicine. This shift seems to trigger our stem cells to become more active and regenerative. In humans caloric restriction works a little bit differently, but in general it has been shown to increase lifespan and have healthy long term affects. Inducing autophagy may improve aged stem cell function, promote reprogramming of This metabolic shift is associated with an increase in the activation and proliferation of stem cells, which play a crucial role in tissue regeneration and repair. Feb 9, 2023 · 8. 2. They are like a blank microchip that can ultimately be programmed to perform particular tasks. The stem cells come from a donor (allogeneic). Red light therapy and other types of light therapy may increase collagen growth and improve wrinkles and skin elasticity. It is very similar to donating blood platelets. As a result, physiological glucose homeostasis becomes dysregulated when β-cells function is compromised, or the cells are lost Feb 14, 2023 · The development of hydrogels that can stiffen or soften on demand, while maintaining stem cells in a viable state, could provide new molecular and signalling insights into stem cell mechanosensing Stem cells are the only cells in your body that can create specialized cells. Can we get more stem cells, or can we maintain the ones we already have? The answer lies in our lifestyle choices. They exist in order to May 30, 2012 · Stem cells grow poorly in patients with high TRG or who are obese. The Stanford researchers figured out how to regrow articular cartilage by first causing slight injury to the joint tissue, then using chemical signals to steer the growth of skeletal stem cells as the injuries heal. In lab research, they are used to convert specialized cells, like skin cells, into more stem-cell-like cells that are pluripotent, which means they have the ability to become many different types of Aug 26, 2019 · A deficiency in either of these nutrients leads to a condition called anemia. The more damage our bodies need to repair because of these factors, the more stem Aug 15, 2011 · Abstract. These cells are the earliest cells of the cell lineage in all tissues and are found in both Mar 28, 2024 · A bone marrow transplant is a procedure that infuses healthy blood-forming stem cells into your body to replace bone marrow that's not producing enough healthy blood cells. Research indicates that epicatechin may also enhance angiogenesis, further supporting tissue repair. For example, when placed in a petri dish with the proper nutrients, one cord stem Nov 9, 2023 · For example, exercise can increase the number of neural stem cells in the brain, potentially improving cognitive function and mood. Instead, exercise had a “rejuvenating” effect on old Stem cells are the foundation cells for every organ, tissue and cell in the body. In some adult tissues, such as bone marrow Sep 29, 2021 · Possible stem cell therapy side effects: tumor formation. Fasting has been observed to enhance the body's innate capacity for tissue regeneration by stimulating stem cell production. Embryonic stem cells make up the early human embryo, and early in development, these are known as totipotent stem cells; meaning they have the capability to divide into any type of mature and fully differentiated human cell [ 18 ]. Stem Leydig 1000+ patients. By Ben Greenfield. After building your body, another stem cell type serves as maintenance crew teams assigned to specific structures. This type of treatment could be used to: Replace virtually any tissue or organ that is injured or diseased. There is great interest in stem cells In multicellular organisms, stem cells are undifferentiated or partially differentiated cells that can change into various types of cells and proliferate indefinitely to produce more of the same stem cell. Beyond these two critical abilities, though, stem cells vary widely in what they can and cannot do and in the May 17, 2023 · 7 ways to increase Stem Cell activity NATURALLY 🧬. They can self-renew and make two new stem cell. Oct 19, 2018 · In some parts of the body, such as the gut and bone marrow, stem cells regularly divide to produce new body tissues for maintenance and repair. The main difference is that for a few days ahead of time, donors need to receive an injection of a drug called filgrastim (Neupogen®), which stimulates the bone marrow to produce extra blood-forming stem cells. Only embryonic stem cells are naturally pluripotent. The cells are stored until you need them for transplant. Here, we provide a detailed overview of the family of pluripotent cell lines derived from early Oct 24, 2023 · To increase the amount of stem cells in your bloodstream, you’ll get injections (shots) of a medication that causes your body to make more stem cells than usual. There are two main types of stem cells: embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells. kc mw vv vv jk fm sf zw xw zo